Critically examine thje effects of the 'Boudaryless Career' Essay

Critically examine thje effects of the 'Boudaryless Career' on individuals, organisation and society - Essay Example The effects of Boundaryness careers on an individual include the ability of a person to take control over employability as well as the development of an individual’s skills beyond the career management in an organization. This requires an individual to have a certain degree of self-perceived ability, self-motivation, and the opportunity to make changes in a person’s career (Cappelli, 1997). Moreover, individuals looking to develop their skills ought to look for these opportunities to meet their expectations, regardless of the boundaries they have to cross to do so (Eby & Lockwood, 2003). In addition, individuals have the capability to make an internal career change within the organization they currently work Additionally, due to career diversity management has become an important aspect due to global workforce that helps organizations grow. Boundaryless careers assist the management in decision making as people from all aspects of life come together and bring in their unique ideas thus solving problems (Dalton & Price, 2007). In addition, organizations gain through the sufficient career development opportunities that help support the career concerns in the organization. Consequently, an organization is able to know the potential challenges of career progression of the professionals in the organization and is able to better manage their careers. Like the impact of boundaryless careers on individuals and the organization, it is important to understand on the happening of the community. As people in the community have a feeling of common interest and purpose and values, it is important to have a personal knowledge that they belonging to a collective of others in the community (Burman, 2006). This therefore means that people need to develop and make a difference in the society. This includes the proper use of resources available in the community as well as the emotional connection

Employee Turnover Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employee Turnover - Dissertation Example The study would also highlight whether, the management has a key role in mitigating the turnover effect or not. Research Process & Strategy Identify the problem Set the objectives Develop the Research Plan Data collection Analysis of Data Finding (results) Source : Kothari , 2008 A literature review was undertaken to investigate the influences and motivational forces that increase employee turnover. Further the link was established in order to find a relationship between the established theories and people own personal opinions. According to Marchington & Wilkinson (2005) the best and most reliable information given by employees is done so by exploring their own personal views. The literature review had enabled me to gather and link a good amount of research from theorists who have researched employee retention in depth. The above mentioned steps are executed systematically to achieve the desired goals and objectives. The first step in the research process is to identify the problem and set objective carefully and agree on the research objective. In an investigative and descriptive study as the one in particular can frame the objectives by breaking them into various investigative questions as stated in the above research objective section (Goddard W & Melville S, 2004). ... It is most expensive and most prone to error. The fourth step in research process is to analyze the collected data. The last step in the research process is that the representation of findings or ultimate deduction of the analysis drawn. According to the nature of research problem, it is beneficial to emphasize more on qualitative data rather than quantitative data. It is a proven fact that human behavior can be complex, interactive and consist of indescribable and illogical aspects (Goulding, 2002) particularly when discussing personal experiences. Denzin & Lincoln (no date) found that qualitative research is a method for examination, contribution, interviewing, and ethnography. It serves as a metaphor for majestic knowledge, for strength and for the truth (Denzin & Lincoln, no date), it really depends on the size of data you need. Both quantitative and qualitative are scientific, and the results will deliver a similar result, but each method has a different approach, and the result s are presented differently to the reader. Data Collection: Collection of data is one of the important aspects of research methodology. This consists of gathering the data from various sources. Types of data & Analysis: Data is important to collect the necessary information. Data may be of two types: primary and secondary data. Secondary data is one of the parts of research methodology through which information about the project can be collected. This particular research would be based both on the secondary and primary data information, different sources such as Journals, Books, Newspaper, Magazines, Internet, Articles and all authentic published relevant material would be referred for the accomplishment of the objectives and goals of the current project related to the

Paragraphes of text body Essay Example for Free

Paragraphes of text body Essay The second paragraph of the body should contain the second strongest argument, second most significant example, second cleverest illustration, or an obvious follow up the first paragraph in the body. The first sentence of this paragraph should include the reverse hook which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the first paragraph of the body. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional hook to tie into the third paragraph of the body. The third paragraph of the body should contain the weakest argument, weakest example, weakest illustration, or an obvious follow up to the second paragraph in the body. The first sentence of this paragraph should include the reverse hook which ties in with the transitional hook at the end of the second paragraph. The topic for this paragraph should be in the first or second sentence. This topic should relate to the thesis statement in the introductory paragraph. The last sentence in this paragraph should include a transitional concluding hook that signals the reader that this is the final major point being made in this paper.

Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law Critique

Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law Critique Essay Title Hans Kelsen, The Pure Theory of Law its Method and Fundamental Concepts (1934) 4 Law Quarterly Review, 474 Critique Word Count 2000 words The Austrian philosopher and jurist named Han Kelsen proposed the Pure Theory of Law. According to Kelsen, the standard legal philosophies were marred with contamination of law with moral and political ideology, which was compounded by attempts to marry law with social sciences. Hence, both of these endeavours were an exercise in futility as they were riddled with flaws[1]. Thus, Kelsen proposed the Pure Theory of Law, which would avert attempts of reductionism of any form. It simply accommodates pure law in itself as it is founded on primary methodological principle. Given that the law is to be perceived as a normative/ standard practice, the usage of methodological reduction needs to be averted altogether. Reductionism was needed to be averted at all costs since law is needed to be divorced from nature and morality[2]. As per Kelsen, law is a system of norms. According to him, legal norms are devised by willed acts or in other case, the products of deliberate human action, contrary to moral norms dictated by God. Thus, the pure theory of law undertakes only human-based norms, as opposed to imaginary superhuman entities[3]. 1. The Theory of Positive Law The Pure Theory of Law is termed as theory of positive law. Hence, the theory is more so given in terms of formation of hierarchical laws commencing from basic norm. The remainder of the norms are associated by inferior norms, when one is contrasted with another[4]. 2. Laws and Morals The segregation of morals and law by Kelsen forms an essential component of theory of pure law. By its standards, the law needs to be divorced from political and moral influences. Hence, the law should be in its clear form, unaffected by moral and political undercurrents[5]. 3. Science and Law According to Kelsen, the law was described in form of implementation of norms to state machinery. As science was primarily based on comprehension of epistemological data, therefore, its causal and logical technique was to be differentiated from normative reasoning as given in pure theory of law[6]. 4. Static Nature of Law The static theory of law was differentiated from dynamic theory of law. However, this static theory of law presents law in terms of hierarchal laws where laws are deemed as inferior to one another[7]. 5. Dynamic Nature of Law In case of dynamic nature of law, the static theory of law comes toe-to-toe with governmental administration of a given state, which needs to acknowledge the function of legislature in penning of the new law. Simultaneously, an understanding of law being impacted by net standing law which encompasses the court-related decisions are enfolded in the hierarchical representation of pure theory of law. Hence, Kelsen allows legislative machinery to note law as a product of the ethical and political process[8]. 6. The Normativity of Law The normativity of law can be paralleled with that of religion, as it does not base on the inherent obedience of the concerned subjects. For instance, the norms of Christians would be held in validation even in the absence of Christians. However, it is hardly the case with law. The key implementation of law/ legal system banks on its actual practice. The legal order is defined by norms which are by and large effective. The element of basic norm rests on its effectiveness. As asserted by Kelsen, the successful revolution results in an eventual change in the nature of basic norm[9]. 7. The Basic Norm As per Kelsen, the law is an arrangement of norms. These norms are should be statements, setting up certain forms of conduct. Contrary to moral norms, as per Kelsen, the legal norms are set up by the legal norms creation of willed acts. It is a product of human action. Hence, Kelsen thoroughly supposed that law which entails ought and should be statements, is unable to be reduced to such natural actions/ events which gives impetus to it. As a result, legal norms are ought/ should be statements, since it is unable to be deduced simply from factual premises[10]. As per the claims of Kelsen, the law is simply the hierarchy of legal norms at different levels as opposed to being a system of coordinated norms of equalized level. When the legal norms are far from positive/ just, then legal order becomes problematic. As per Kelsen, no such norm exists which is predominantly unchallengeable. No such grand norm exists, since it is purely arbitrary in nature. This norm essentially came from competence, collective will and capacity of individuals. Thence, Kelsen has deployed this term in order to dictate the basic norm, which forms the pillar of the legal system. Hans reasoned that a need for pinpointing the origin of law is necessary in order to gain its legitimacy[11]. A pure proper law often differentiates the ought statement from is-statement. In case of is statement, when something is done/ not done is an indicator of action. In case of ought statement, when something is done/ not is an indicator of a greater form of reason needed for action. It involves obligation and discharge[12]. Hence, the key objective and motive of Hans Kelsen was to safeguard the sanctity of law from two major zones of methodological syncretism which a legal system often entails; sociology and psychology as well as politics and ethics on the other side. Law is to be deemed as a normative order. Kelsen has indicated that a key relation exists between validity and norms, however, he asserts that both are all the more dissimilar. An ineffective norm may lose its validity, similar to the legal order should have a key linkage to effectiveness, a key point postulated by Kelsen in discussing the basic norm[13]. According to Pure Theory of Law, positive law is defined as a valid order which is held only when the condition of basic norm is supposed. Thence, the theory characterizes this meaning as a possibility as opposed to being necessary. Hence, it becomes only as conditional when it is presupposed basic norm[14]. According to the categorical differentiation of ought and is, ought is unable to be reduced to is, and ought is unable to be an is. Thus, is is unable to be inferred from that ought, neither vice versa. The dual nature of ought and is does correlate with that of value and reality. Hence, no value could be can be obtained from reality, as well as vice versa.The next layer, that of rules, is the realm of Ought. It is visualized vertically. According to Kelsen, it deals with the legal meaning, namely, a specific legal significance. The Ought comes up to the actual substrate, the Is. Legal acts of the laws, judgments, the private law, e.g. private contracts, etc. constitute the Ought as a regulative background of the Is stage[15]. Hence, ought is related to imputation and is is connected with causality. The weight is on a vertical plane, whereas the is on a horizontal plane. The Pure Theory of Law exists on a metal-level and intends to attain cognition[16]. The strength of Pure Theory of Law lies in the provision of a theoretical law, which accommodates administrative and judicial tribunals along with legislative rigours of the legal system and administrative bodies. Pure Theory of Law confers power to subordinate administrators in order to devise a subordinate legal norm, and to indicate the nature of such norms. The Pure Theory of Law is devised for traceability of each legal act to be in line with the penned constitution[17]. It could be perceived as a handy analysis tool for assessment of numerous constitutions. Another advantage of this theory is that it presents an active legal order as opposed to a static one. Hence, the law remains orderly via maintaining fluency along most of its components, by simplifying and broadening the principles of law. It acts as a form of logical system. It could be theorised as a complete, proper logical system. The theory of Hans Kelsen is typical of all key law theories, which stringently emphasises the need of orderliness in law. It stresses highly on the value of law. However, it supports a new form of orderliness diverse from those given in judicial precedents[18]. The Pure Theory of Law has considerable flaws as examined in this section. It essentially precludes the elements of sociological justice and morality, which paves way for efficiency. This form of theory is unable to be applied to each legal system since each legal system operates with its own norms and rules. A man-made theory is unable to adjudicate the legal repercussions of a sudden change. The Pure Theory of Law posited by Kelsenian theory is largely criticized since conceptual and abstract theory is unable to accommodate the validity of standard laws encompassing the legal system[19]. Each particular legal system sets its own rules and boundaries founded on their validity. The theory seems steeped in fiction as it is largely applicable on fictitious situations and it has no particular grounds for acceptance in reality. No such theory can be applied to a legal system since each possesses its own hierarchical order and norms. Conflicts arises in case of multiple legal systems. Due to its excessively narrowed scope, it is unable to accommodate altering circumstances and conditions posited by the law. The theory is invalidated on revolutionary grounds, however, no particular effectiveness criterion is set up either[20]. Since, Hans has compared the purity and objectivity of his posited theory with ideological and political propensities of his previous theories, it merely turns out to be a mere inadequate reflection on his previous assertions. It is necessary to reflect on personal consideration and prejudices prior to positing an individual world-view. Therefore, it can be reasonably assumed that theory of Kelsen is far from political and ideological purity. Hans Kelsen remains unsure of the norm to be established and its source of emergence. At times, he seems to posit that this norm will emerge from the constitution, in other cases, he hangs by a legal shoestring and sometimes by the laws presented by a dictator. Thus, his supposed norm remains ambiguous. As the legal system is founded on moral principles, it is guided and steeped in morality. The divorce of morality from law is essentially legal suicide. His theory is unable to validate moral law since each present law accommodates morality in it s confines[21]. References   Bulygin, E. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. Cohen, H. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. Harris, JW. Legal philosophies. (1997). Hart, HLA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008). Kelsen, H,   Paulson, BL and Paulson, SL. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. Kelsen, H. General theory of norms. (2012). Paulson, SL. The weak reading of authority in Hans Kelsens pure theory of law. Law and philosophy 19, no. 2 (2009): 131-171. Vinx, L. Hans Kelsens pure theory of law: legality and legitimacy. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. [1] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [2] Vinx, Lars. Hans Kelsens Pure theory of law: legality and legitimacy. Oxford University Press, USA, 2007. [3] Bulygin, Eugenio. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. [4] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [5] Harris, James William. Legal philosophies. (1997). [6] ibid [7] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [8] Ibid [9] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [10] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011):147. [11] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [12] ibid [13] Hart, Herbert LA. Kelsens Doctrine of the Unity of Law. (2008) [14] Kelsen, Hans, Bonnie Litschewski Paulson, and Stanley L. Paulson. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. [15] Ibid [16] Bulygin, Eugenio. An Antimony in Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Ratio Juris 3, no. 1 (2010): 29-45. [17] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [18] Kelsen, Hans. General theory of norms. (2012). [19] Kelsen, Hans, Bonnie Litschewski Paulson, and Stanley L. Paulson. Introduction to the problems of legal theory. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006. [20] Cohen, Henry. Kelsens Pure Theory of Law. Cath. Law. 26 (2011): 147. [21] Paulson, Stanley L. The weak reading of authority in Hans Kelsens pure theory of law. Law and philosophy 19, no. 2 (2009): 131-171.

School, Education, Wisdom and My Life :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

School, Education, Wisdom and My Life One day in class, I was asked what I "know about", and how what I "know about", relates to me today, in my life, as I am living it. Well, this is an account of whether or not I know anything at all. If I do know something, I'll make clear of how it is connected with me. If I come to the conclusion that I don't know anything at all, then I'll write about something else, if I know what I'm writing about. I shall base this narrative around me, starting from birth, and concluding it with the now and present. This I know I'll do because I have told you I will. And I try not to lie. On an early evening of October the fifth, 1978, I, John Moren was born to an average, eight pound, five ounce body. How do I know this? First, I have hospital records to prove it, and second, I do not believe my parents would lie to me about something so monumental, such as my birth. At this time in my life, if someone were to ask me if I knew anything, I wouldn't know who they were, who I was, where I was, or what that gibberish was that was coming out of that hole in their face. I also wouldn’t know what a face or hole was. Starting off well, wouldn't you say? I was then transported off somewhere with some people, but I was happy because whatever it was that I was wearing stank of something ripe and everyone kept making funny faces. After countless hours of repetition, I finally came to realization that one of these huge beasts was mama, and the other was dada. The next couple of years, I am told, were spent learning how to walk, learning how to talk, learning how to peeâ₠¬ ¦. Well, I always knew how to pee, but it was always in my pants. Among these amazing astonishment’s, I learned how to get into trouble, and get out of it with my charming eyes and goo-goo ga-ga’s. So at this point in my life, I knew a couple of things, but I didn’t know why I knew them. It just helped out. I soon started hearing things about school and was told I'd be there for a Long time. YA HOO! In my mind, I was thinking of a place where they sent all kids to be branded and molded into something suitable for the real world.

Antigone Essay -- English Literature

Antigone Essay In any story or piece of literature, there will always be the main characters to fill the pages with incessant adventure. The characters whose names appear on almost every page and the characters whose actions the story revolves around. However, a story will also always have its minor characters. These are the characters that contribute heavily to the plot, yet aren't mentioned quite as often and are underestimated regarding their importance in the story. In the Greek masterpiece, Antigone, the author Sophocles construed a myriad of minor characters that contributed to the story in numerous ways. Ismene, one of Oedipus' daughters, was created to foil the main character, Antigone. Haemon, the son of Creon, took the role of adding controversy and showing his father revenge for all the trouble he caused Thebes. And finally, Tiresias, an elderly blind prophet, was constructed to diminish Creon's hubris. Firstly, Ismene's character was created primarily to foil that of Antigone's. When Antigone initially discussed her plans to contest the King's orders, Ismene was against it and tried to argue with her sister, hoping to dispel the plan from her mind. In lines 71-74, Ismene states during her argument, "think what a death we'll die, the worst of all if we violate the laws and override the fixed decree of the throne, it's power- we must be sensible." During the entire story the two characters have obvious opposing views and personalities. Ismene is discerned as rational, cautious, and dutiful, while Antigone is conveyed as intractable, brave, and disobedient. Another example of the discrepancy between the characters is the way that they are physically represented. Sophocles generated Ismene w... ...ty fits together like a puzzle. For example, without those blank sky pieces that fit at the top of a puzzle, it can never be completed. Same rule applies to any story, without the minor characters to reveal hidden information or to simple add drama, then a story can never be completed. In the Greek tragedy, Antigone, the author, Sophocles, presents the minor characters in his story with important functions and responsibilities. Ismene, Antigone's sister, had the purpose of foiling Antigone in order to create undeclared confliction between the characters. Haemon, Antigone's fiancÃÆ'Â ©e, was meant to bring justification to the string of deaths at the end of the story. And lastly, Tiresias, the respected prophet, was carefully produced as the character who pushed Creon's conscious over the edge and influenced him the most to withdraw his punishment for Antigone.

Thantopsis and the Road Theme Death

AP English Period 5 William Bryant uses imagery of Nature’s beauty to create a theme that death is beautiful and serene, while Cormac McCarthy uses imagery darkness and dead things to create a theme that death is scary and dark. Bryant’s perception of death shows that it is interconnected with nature at which it is a life cycle. He shows us a different perspective on how death is. His use of creative imagery of nature to death creates the theme of death being not as bad as it seems. McCarthy’s view of death differs from Bryant’s view.McCarthy uses a post-apocalyptic world where nature is dead to support the theme that death is horrible. Both authors use imagery to show the relationship between life and death to create themes opposite of each other. In Thanatopsis, the author shows the theme about death by comparing it to nature’s beauty. Most people see death as horrible, but Bryant shows an in-depth meaning to it. The poem starts off by personifyin g nature as a beautiful female, â€Å"†¦and a smile and eloquence of beauty† (Lines 4-5), who will always be there for you to make you feel better, â€Å"Into his darker musings, with a mild and healing sympathy. (Lines 6-8) The poem takes a shift and talks about how death feels like â€Å"Of the stern agony, and shroud, and pall and breathless darkness, and the narrow house,† (Lines 11-12) and the idea of being in pain in a dark coffin. The poem continues going back and forth on nature’s beauty and death, and soon connects it back to the theme. â€Å"Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again, (Line 23)† shows that after death is another phase of life itself, and we will return to be one with nature. Our dead decomposing bodies will be mixed in with nature, â€Å"Shall send his roots abroad, and pierce thy mould. Line 30)† Bryant compares nature to a coffin, â€Å"Are but the solemn decorations all of the great tomb of man. † (Line 44- 45), to show the coffins of dead people created nature’s beauty, the valleys, hills, rivers. Bryant leaves a message to the living that death, the great equalizer, is inevitable and everyone will die eventually, â€Å"The youth†¦ gray-headed man. †(Line 68-70) He then continues on telling the message that you only live once, so live your life to your full potential, â€Å"So Live,† (Line 73) and be aware that death will eventually come â€Å"with a blanket around him and getting ready for a happy, dream-filled sleep,† (Line 80-81).You will not go to death alone. Everyone who has ever died will already be there. Everyone who hasn't gone yet will be there eventually. Bryant connects nature with death because it’s with all the death that Mother Nature’s beauty was created, and as you become one with nature. In The Road, McCarthy makes death a darker and scary theme. Since the beginning to the end of the book, McCarthy uses imagery to show that death is horrible. As the father and son are on the road, the father describes everything he sees He tells detail imagery on the dead trees, no colors, ash; abandon man-made objects, like buildings and trains, and others.Every living thing in the world is dead, so they savage what they can from abandon houses to keep themselves from starving, and freezing to death. There is a constant fear of dying from the boy, â€Å"Are we going to die? Sometime. Not Now,† (Page 10) but the father knows that they are going to die, but not now. The Father and son are out in an unforgiving, dangerous world where even the slightest misstep could lead to death, so they keep on moving. All they see is death, â€Å"Inside the barn three bodies hanging from the rafters, dried and dusty,† (Page 16) as they move.The boy has seen so much death in his short life that he learns to accept it and understand that death is here. The father is only living because of the son, and it is his respon sibility to find him a safe place, as the son is only living for his father. The boy said, â€Å"I wish I was with my mom,† because he wishes to be dead like his mother. The first death that both the father and son witness was his mother death. The mother didn’t want to live anymore because she couldn’t face the world as it is filled with cannibals and murderers, â€Å"they are going to rape us and kill us and eat us and you won’t face it.You’d rather wait for it to happen. But I can’t. † (p. 58). The father and son are always on the move because of the fear that they will be eaten by cannibals. In the mansion, the father opened up the room, and saw living humans held captive to be food for the cannibals. The father and son saw a beheaded, gutted out, baby over a fire when they were starving for food (Page 199). Death is everywhere in The Road. They are always on the constant move so they can run away from death by finding food and wa rmth, while hiding from the cannibals.Both works of literature gives a clear relationship between life and death. McCarthy shows imagery that describes that death is horrible. The constant running to find what they can to eat while hiding from cannibals show that death is at the door, and it is only a matter of time before they die. Bryant’s imagery of death is more serene and beautiful. He gave a lighter and happier tone on death and how death shouldn’t not be feared, and live your life. Both McCarthy and Bryant uses imagery to show death as a beauty or scary.