Overseas Volunteer Essay Example for Free

Overseas Volunteer EssayThe summer of 1996 was a season of great change for me as an individual. This was the summer that I was fortunate enough to get to spend six weeks as part of a traveling foreign program. These six weeks changed the way I viewed different places, people and cultures. I was lucky enough to experience numerous different things in many different places. I met many people from fire cultural backgrounds and learned a lot from them. These six weeks prepared me for many brand- new-made experiences in tone. While traveling, I stayed with different families who were kind enough to take me in.Living with people who had different cultures and some(prenominal)times even different languages was a challenge for me since I had never even been reveal of the United States before this trip. I got to learn how to adapt to new situations by finding inventive ways to communicate with other humans. This was invaluable to me because it forced me to unfeignedly pay att ention to other people and learn about their cultural values by means of observation. This is a skill that has stayed with me. I pass learned to wispy d accept and touchablely listen and observe in order to learn new things and gain new perspective.I was also able to visit many historic sites, landmarks and museums during my travels that I had only read about in books. I was able to apply a picture in a book to the real setting and this was an incredible experience. In these visits I was also able to learn a great deal about the culture in which I had immersed myself. This allowed me a deeper understanding of the people rough me. These visits also told me about the rich histories of different groups of people and how they shaped the culture as it is today. In addition, I was able to punctuate new and different foods which only added to my cultural experiences.At the same time, as I was experiencing new cultures I was also able to reflect on my own culture and the importance th at it holds in my life. My travels throw helped shaped the person I am today. I was forced to learn patience as I was immersed in cultures with different values and languages. I learned how to be creative in finding ways to communicate respectfully. I built my self confidence as I began to realize how capable I was of learning about different cultures in ways other than reading books. I got the opportunity to meet interesting people who helped me understand different ways of life and apply those to my own life.I learned how to be flexible in adapting to new ways of doing things, new ways of communicating and even new ways of eating. I experienced a great deal of personal growth in these travels that result render invaluable to me in my future accomplishments. Changing lives is a great experience. This sentence sums up why I would like to be a Peace corps Volunteer. I have a deep desire to change the world by changing the lives of people less fortunate than me. I have been fortuna te enough to have access to a high quality education. I have always enjoyed learning and experiencing new things and I would like to pass that on to other people.My college education was only a starting point in my life long learning endeavors. I have a passion for association that has allowed me to reach a point in my life where I wish to give 27 months serving as a put up and enriching the lives of people around the world. Habitat for Humanity has given me valuable life skills but more importantly gave me the opportunity to help people less fortunate than me. I have been able to build homes for people and at the same time learn about their individual lives. I have taken my passion for helping others and in the process began to realize how one person can imprint a great difference.I can be that one person that takes the initiative to declare small changes that will eventually lead to big changes. I desire to take this realization and travel the world helping others through sma ll changes. quartet years in the workforce has also given me valuable experiences that will enable me to be an effective volunteer. Through working, I have gained leadership skills that will serve me well when working with a team of other volunteers. These leadership skills will help me work cooperatively to make positive changes in the world.I have also gained a clear understanding of globalization outside of the United States and I wish to build on that knowledge through my volunteer work and opportunities I wouldnt be able to have if I continued working in the corporate world. Working as a volunteer will provide me with international experience and new insights about the world around me. I can learn new values and perspectives that will make me a more well rounded and empathetic person. I will gain new understandings of different people and cultures and be able to apply some of that to how I live my own life.At the same time, I will have a great responsibility to show others my values and teach them new and exciting things about my own culture. Twenty-seven months is a short time in my life but those months will mean big changes in my life that will last long after my time serving as a volunteer is over. My life would be greatly enriched by helping others through small changes. I look forward to the chance to start making small changes right away and watching those small changes turn into big changes that have positive impacts on people around the world.

Investigating Special Education Internet Resources Essay Example for Free

Investigating Special Education Internet Resources EssayFamily Village For Families of Children with Special Needs http//www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/websites.html This website offers a wide variety of resources for the community to exercise when trying to navigate around the internet. It has sources such as Parent to Parent Matching, Mental health Websites, Diagnosis, and Internet resources. The Tulsa Area Alliance on Disabilities http//208.112.118.116/disabili.html The website explains the benefits of early comprehension with assimilators with and without disabilities. The website also breaks down the stages in which the person should be reaching milestones such as act upon and self-sufficiency. Tulsa Kids For Parents. For Families. For Life http//www.tulsakids.com/October2011/Tulsa-Special-Needs-Resource-Guide/ The Tulsa Kids for Parents webstie offers five pages facilities where nipperren with disabilities can utilize for exercise, activities, cheerleading, horseback horseback riding and many other events that bookmans with disabilities can participate in. This site also digests churches, foundations, learning facilities and legal run. This can be very helpful when parents are searching for activities their child may be interested or therapeutic exercise.United Way Tulsa Area United Way http//www.tauw.org/Member_Agencies.asp The Untied Way provides a tremendous criterion of support in the Tulsa area for people with disabilities. The United Way partners with agencies to provide support for services the New Leaf that provides residential living skills classes and vocational training. Parents study Center for Learning Disabilities http//www.ncld.org The NCLD website provides over 101 videos on different disabilities in order for parents to get an understanding of what type of hindrance their child may have. non solitary(prenominal) does it provide facts about the disabilities it also provides true life stories from parents who have a child w ith a disability. Oklahoma Department of Human Services http//www.okdhs.org/programsand services/dd/prvdrs/docs/providerlistab.htmlThe Department of Human Services is one of the most crucial services a parent can utilize. Having a child born with a disability is very expensive and the services the parents are offered are sometimes are life savers. Families can rely on free home visits for therapy, vouchers for formula, free shots and health baby checkups. Wrightslaw http//www.wrightslaw.com/ Wrightslaw is a website that provides newsletters for parents to subscribe to concerning where to turn for Special Advocacy, Legal issues, revised regulations in education. This is a mustiness to parents with a child that has a disability ascribable to the fact that the website gets you headed in the right directs if a problem arises. The information is up to day on the No Child Left Behind Act.StudentsFunbrain www.funbrain.com This website provides interactive games such as connect the dots to create a picture of an animal or character. Funbrain is for all school age students and are arranged in different flesh levels. KidsKnowIt Network http//www.kidsknowit.com The Kids Know It Network can be used as a homework helper by watching math videos on the problems a student may be struggling with. There are also bidoes on astronomy, biology, geology, history, math, memory and so much more. Teachers can utilize this website as an surplus tool in the classroom. The great part about this website is it is free.Learn4Good http//www.learn4good.com/kids/indes.htm Learn4Good offers all ages Pre-k through 12 interactive games, lessons, math, reading, and can provide a report on student progress. At first I did not think students should be on this website but then took a closer look at what it had to offer the lour grades as well as the upper grades. Many times the older grades do not have enough educational websites to keep their interests or only geared to lower level learners . Starfall http//www.starfall.com Starfall offers children a large variety of learning tools to begin students learning adventures for all ages. The different categories range from learning their alphabet, colors, days, sounds to the students reading. My students with disabilities use this website when they make it into the computer lab. TeachersDepartment of Educationhttp//www.ed.gov The Department of Education is one of the most valuable websites that keeps teachers and administrators informed of the changing laws in education. It provides resources for grants, professional development and funding.Do2Learnhttp//www.do2learn.com Do2Learn is a must for teachers who teach children with autism. It allows you to print pictures of the childs daily routine with flash cards. Self help toilet procedures, clothing, social behaviors and emotions. It offers over 2,500 pictures cards that can be printed. Most features on this site are free but there are some that you will need a subscription for. This website is a must for parents and teachers who work with Autistic students. Khan Academyhttp//www.khanacademy.org Khan Academy is one of the most valuable websites for teachers to utilize as a resources tool. It offers 750 math videos that allows students to fit a 3-5 minute of arc video on the math problem that they are currently working. If students struggle with a certain step of a math problem they can view the video as many times as they may need. This is great as a homework helper.Learning Disabilities Association of Americahttp//www.ldanatl.org/aboutld/teachers/index.asp The LDA can provide a path to understanding of many of the disabilities that teachers come in contact with every day. As an educator it is important to utilize resources that can provide definitions of their students disabilities. It provides signs, symptoms and strategies.National Association of Special Education Teachershttp//www.naset.org The NASET offers a wide range of resources for teachers such as Professional Development Courses, IEP Development Tools, E-Journals, IEP Golas, Objectives and Activities App. The most up to day features are also avail and can be utilized form your ipad or iphone app. One very important feature about this website is that it provides handouts, printable forms and reports. No Child Left Behindhttp//www.2.edu.gov/nclb.landing.jhtml The No Child Left Behind website offers resources for teachers and strategies that can be utilized in the classroom. Free special educational resources, bullying resources, are just some of the resources. The website also provides changes in the state standards, which is something that all teachers need to be aware of at all times.

Development of Autism Research

Development of Autism ResearchFighting the MonsterBy writing a track record called Infantile Autism, a dark blue psychologist named Bernard Rimland established autism as an inborn condition rather than bad parenting. The books popularity inspired him to launch the National Society for Autistic Children (NSAC). By forming an alliance and reaching show up to parents, he gave the parents in his network a sense of hope and progress at a time when there was virtually no research in the field, preenting the stage for the surge of interest in autism research.Bernard Rimland was born in Cleveland in 1928, the son of Russian Jewish parents who emigrated after World War I. When he was twelve, his family relocated to San Diego, California. He got a bachelors degree in experimental psychology from San Diego State University in 1950 and make his masters degree a year later. He met Gloria Alf, a Jewish girl from the neighborhood, and got married before heading east to Penn State to earn his d octorate. After completing his degree at Penn State, Rimland was hired as the director of research at the new naval base in San Diego.Their son, Mark, was born in the spring of 1956. unless something was drastically wrong with Mark and it was altogether much later that his condition was determined to be early infantile autism. Besides reading everything he could on the subject, Rimland wrote a letter to Kanner in 1959 describing his sons carriage and announcing his intention to write a paper on the subject. After five years of research, Rimland published his book Infantile Autism The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of deportment in 1964, featuring an introduction by Kanner.The crux of the book was that autism is primarily a product of genetic inheritance rather than family dynamics. At one point, he redden referred to Asperger syndrome without explaining it. He suggested that in some cases the syndrome was caused by unknown environmental factors acting upon a genetic predisposition. He speculated that parents who tend to be gifted in sure fields pass this vulnerability down to their children along with the genetic factors for high intelligence. This hypothesis would fall into disrepute in the 1970s as studies by Michael Rutter and others be that autism does not discriminate by IQ or educational level and is equally prevalent across all socioeconomic strata.Rimland trusted the diagnosis to be strictly defined so that autism would turn out to be a metabolic dysfunction akin to phenylketonuria (phenylketonuria) that could be averted with a dietary intervention. PKU is a rare genetic disorder due to a gene mutation that impairs the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Untreated PKU can take aim to behavioral problems, seizures, intellectual disability, and mental disorder.To facilitate autism research, Rimland included in the book a questionnaire called the Diagnostic Check List for Behavior-Disturbed Children (Form E-1), designe d as a scout for clinicians to copy and give to parents. After the book came out, Rimland unexpectedly sure piles of completed E-1 forms. He followed up with the parents by telephone after scoring the checklist with a proprietary algorithm. He was so gregarious and empathetic to the parents that he became Uncle Bernie to a generation of families.In the second edition of his book, he included a rewrite version of the checklist called the E-2 designed for the parents to send to Rimland without delay. His questionnaires had planted the seeds of a revolution.***In the 1960s, most psychologists in America were still convinced that ill kids were constitutionally incapable of learning. But a professor in the Psychology discussion section of the UCLA named Ole Ivar Lovaas thought otherwise.Ole Ivar Lovaas was born in Nor course in 1927. He and his family were forced to work as migrant la jaders when the Nazis intermeshed Norway in June 1940. After the war ended, Lovaas was allowed to immigrate to the United States on the strength of his violin playing. He got a music scholarship at Luther College in Iowa and earned his bachelors degree in a year. Then he talked his way into the graduate schedule in psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle. He didnt want to choke a psychoanalyst because he had lost patience with the speculations of theory- found psychiatry, so he focused on lab research.After earning his doctorate at the University of Washington, Lovaas stayed in Seattle, teaching and conducting research at the Child Development base near the university. At the institute, he experienced that improving the language skills of children with developmental delays capacity help them control their problematic behavior. He was also influenced by a psychologist at Indiana University named Charles Ferster who proposed that parents had inadvertently conditioned their children to be to a greater extent and more autistic by rewarding their misbehavior with d oting attention.In 1961, he accepted a position as an assistant professor in the psychology department at UCLA. In his first year on the job, the Clinic referred only one child to his lab a nine-year-old girl named Beth who spoke mostly in echolalia and bore scars all over from banging herself against walls and furniture. Luvaas outfitted a suite of rooms with one-way mirrors, hidden microphones, and a push-button device that enabled his assistants to record the frequency and duration of her behaviors. He called this style of intensive intervention applied behavioral analysis, or ABA.Rimland was skeptical of the Lovaas method when he first heard about it. But he set his doubts aside and began to use the technique in training his eight-year-old autistic son. Lovaas had been thinking about inviting parents into the process because the lessons learned in ABA often didnt generalize beyond the kitschy situation in the lab. The best hope for stimulating lasting behavior change was to tra in the children in their natural environment at home. Rimland arranged a dinner with Lovaas and a few of the couples from his network of autistic parents. Before the meal was over, they were begging Lovaas to train them in his method. By forming an alliance and reaching out directly to parents, Rimland and Lovaas had just built a shadow infrastructure for autism research in which parents, rather than medical professionals, were the ultimate authorities on their childrens well-organism.***In the fall of 1965, Rimland received a letter from Ruth Christ Sullivan, a young nurse and mother of an autistic son. Sullivan proposed forming a national group to advocate for the needs of autistic children. On November 14, 1965, Sullivan, Rimland and 60 other parents formed the National Society of Autistic Children. In the coming years, parents would launch hundreds of local NSAC chapters all over the country. By the mid-1970s, the NSAC launched a number of legislations aimed at protecting the ri ghts of individuals with autism and mandating services for them, especially education. Autism was also included in the Developmental Disabilities Act of 1976.In 1974, by conducting thorough examinations of 78 children brought to the Childrens learning ability Research Clinic in Washington by NSAC members, the clinics researchers theorized that autism is not a single clinical entity but is composed of multiple distinct subtypes. Rimland also did a innovative study on savant skills based on data from his questionnaires, rediscovering the same clusters of enhanced ability in music, memory, art, science, mathematics, and technology that Asperger called autistic intelligence.Over time, the two paths represented by NSACs founders Sullivans focus on services and Rimlands search for a cure would diverge, resulting in Rimland being voted off the board of his own organization.***Meanwhile, Lovaas was experimenting with alternating rounds of acquisition (reinforce comme il faut behavior) and extinction (extinguish self-injurious behavior) trials on Berh. He found that she was responsive on acquisition trials, but not on extinction trials. So Lovaas sought a more expeditious solution, which was the use of punishment. Concerned that some of his techniques might seem unorthodox, Lovaas invited members of the press down to the lab to watch him in action. When the articles came out, members of the NSAC were concerned about how brutally kids were being treated at UCLA. Despite Rimlands tireless cheerleading for aversives, m whatsoever NSAC parents refused to use them.Meanwhile, state hospitals across the country embraced the harsh techniques promoted by Lovaas at UCLA as a way of keeping problem patients in line. In 1988, the NSAC (now changed the name to the Autism Society of America) has passed a resolution calling for a ban on aversive techniques. But galled electric shocks are still employed to punish autistic children at an institution called the Judge Rotenberg Ed ucational Center in Massachusetts, even in the confront of a public outcry against their use.In the 1970s, Lovaas lent his expertise to a series of experiments called the Feminine Boy Project. The projects most celebrated success story was Kirk Andrew Murphy. Kirks was enrolled into the program at UCLA when he was five because his parents were concerned that he was exhibiting behavior that was too feminine. Lovaas worked with a graduate student named George Rekers who was Kirks behavioral therapist. Rekers and Lovaas devised a program of total denseness based on Lovaass work on autism. After sixty sessions in the lab, Rekers and Lovaas declared victory over Kirks sissy-boy behavior. Rekers went on to build a career based on the premise that homosexuality can be prevented. He became a founding member of the Family Research Council, a faith-based organization that lobbies against gay-rights issues. In the meantime, Kirk committed self-annihilation in 2003 at age thirty-eight, follo wing decades of depression. His parents claimed that Kirks earlier therapy had contributed to his suicide. In 2010, Rekers days as an anti-gay champion came to an end when two journalists ambushed him at the Miami airport returning from a holiday in Madrid with a hired male escort.In 1987, Lovaas claimed that nearly half of the children in an experimental group at UCLA had achieved blueprint intellectual functioning by undertaking intensive ABA starting at age three. Lovaass study was the breakthrough that many parents had been waiting for empirical proof that their children could become normal given enough devotion, effort, and expense.***In 1964, Rimland received an invitation from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Standford University for a years fellowship in Palo Alto. at that place he fell under the spell of Linus Pauling, who had won two Nobel Prizes, a Nobel prize in Chemistry, and a Nobel Peace Prize. Pauling was the most prominent advocate of th e ideal that megadoses of Vitamin C could avert the common cold, slow the aging process, and improve mood. Paulings concept of orthomolecular psychiatry meshed perfectly with Rimlands thoughts on PKU and autism. Meanwhile, Rimland had started getting letters from parents claiming that their sons and daughters had become more calm and engaged after taking megadoses of certain nutrients, particularly vitamins B and C. After talking with doctors convinced of the therapeutic value of the megavitamin regimen, Rimland established the Institute for Child Behavior Research, later renamed the Autism Research Institute in San Diego to launch a study. But he did not use the so-called double-blind placebo-controlled trial representative in his study. Instead, he developed a home-brewed form of data analysis that he called computer clustering, an algorithmic search for clinically significant ripples in a sea of big data. With 45 percent of parents reporting that the vitamins definitely helped their children, Rimland was thrilled with the results of his experiment.But three independent analyses of his dataset revealed more problems with his design. The design of the experiment with parents as evaluators of changes in their childrens behavior was anything but blind in the statistical sense. A Navy statistician with access to the raw data concluded that no true information about the reaction in the vitamins by various subtypes in the sample population could be obtained by using Rimlands computer clustering scheme.Rimland was pester by the disappointing response of his peers to his megavitamin experiment. Noting the serious side effects caused by prescription drugs, Rimland concluded that the future of his work was not to be found in conventional medicine. He would eventually encourage his parent-experimenters to try several treatments at once, making it nearly impossible to tease out the benefits and side effects of any single one. This try-everything-at-once approach gav e the parents in his network a tremendous sense of hope and momentum at a time when the mainstream science of autism was at a standstill.From his office in Kensington, a suburb of San Diego, Rimland forged a productive alliance with the nineteen-year-old Steve Edelson, a psychology/sociology major in Lovaass lab. Together they wrote a book called Recovering Autistic Children that became one of the bibles of the biomedical movement. In the 1990s, they launched Defeat Autism Now (DAN), the network of clinicians and alt-med practitioners that Shannon Rosa turned to for advice on the GFGC diet and other treatments after social lion was diagnosed in 2002.

Dependent On Their Cell Phones English Language Essay

Dependent On Their Cell Ph is English Language EssayCell skirts argon a must put one over in the modern society. They have ferment so central to the daily life that most peck find it really hard to do without them. Just by a swipe, everything from banking services to online shopping to payment of bills are done chastise in that location on the small gadget (Brown et al. 381-394). You nookie listen to music and wish wellwise create cyber friendship. Yes these devices are reliable, yes they are convenient and yes they simplify life. But as well much of something is un healthy. multitude have become too dependent on them. In as much as they provide wide and far reaching advantages, they also have their downsides. populate who are hook to the cell bring forwards are more(prenominal) likely to die hard from brain cancer, fleshly and psychological symptoms, have broken relationships and literally be isolated from the community life (Sellman 74-76). The purpose of this paper is to vex this discussion in detail by answering the question why population have become too dependent on their cell phones. In doing so, this paper begins with a brief history of cell phone origins and proceeds to tackle the advantages and drawbacks of the small gadgets in todays culture. It concludes with a brief summary of the entire table of contents discussed.History of Cell PhonesThe history of cell phones is somewhat long and not so certain, though many argue that it could have started around 1843 with the small look into of Michael Farady. He had hoped to find a space through which electricity could be conducted. His findings were later to become the reference points of the 19th century scientists. In 1865, Dr. Mahlon developed what is believed to be the first wireless communication technology. He is also thought to have lendted the first telegraphic message in 1866 through Earths atmosphere. In the 1940s, late devices were created based on radio technology. They were primarily a two-way radio communication. For instance, this was the time when police officers sendd with each another(prenominal) via a central base. In 1946, the Swedish police officers were able to use cell phones that were connected to the car battery. But these devices could only apply (utmost) six bring ups onwards draining up the car-battery.In 1947, D.H. mobilize developed hexagonal cells, though they were too a two-way technology. Soon after, another engineer came up with the cell towers technology, which enabled the devices to collect and convey signals in a three-way direction rather than two. Like the previous technologies, they heavily consumed battery and had to be connected to car battery. For example, the Swedish police cell phones weighed more or less cardinal pounds. By 1967, cell phones were already in use in different places however, the users could only make their calls from placed cell areas. Besides, these cell phones could only handle a set range. Lat er on, Amos Edward Joel developed another technology that enabled users to make longer calls, but lock from fixed cell locations.Proper cell phones first feature in the early 1970s. Dr. Martin Cooper is thought to have been the first inventor of these portable phones. Interestingly, he equally became the first man to make a call through a portable device. He also established the first portable cell phone station, and named it Motorola. This technology was approved by the U.S government (FCC) in 1983. The DynaTAC 800X only weighed twenty eight pounds compared to the previous devices, and was exceptionally small for its time (Rainer Cegielski 243). Since because, hand-held phones have been in constant improvements with new applications and models created almost every other time. In the 1990s, the 2G technology boomed the cell phone market. The hand-held devices were small and had an advance battery. What is available in the market today is the third generation cell phones. These p hones are based on a 3G technology. Their innovations are super advanced (Rainer Cegielski 236-266).It was not until recently, however, that they became an integral contribution of human life. Like many other technologies that boost the high role of social status, the small devices began as a class symbol of the selected few (affluent in give outicular). In 1983, for example, the Motorola model was sold in the market for 100 cardinal U.S dollars. You can imagine how many people could afford that. Then somewhere out of the blue, the reserved affluent privilege changed when the devices became reasonably priced and accessible to everyone. Better still the advancement in technology also saw the devices move from two-way radios to world coverage towers. People are now talking about the extremely advanced 3G technology (Brans 61-72).Why do People Rely on Cell Phones in todays Culture?People depend on cell phones in todays culture for a number of reasons. Essentially, the devises pr ovide reliable advantages with few downsides. Never in human history, has a device influenced and transformed the means of communication as look outn today. Cell phones have done it. They are inevitably intertwined into the human social life for good reasons. The cell phone technology has facilitated rapid communications and has make it possible to communicate with everyone from anywhere. Apart from the vocal communication, the technology has also enabled its subscribers to send multiple textbookbook messages to millions of people every single day if they so proclivity (Brans 61-72).What holds the society together and what supports its structures is communication. Without it, everything else is down. Accordingly, there is no device (at least not for now) in the modern world that facilitates communication better than the cell phone. For instance, just before cell phones boomed into the market, people relied majorly on landlines to communicate with their loved ones and also for o fficial purposes. But the communication had to be on fixed locations because landlines were established on fixed areas. As a result, people on the move could not communicate over landlines. Cell phones, on the other hand, have made it possible to communicate with the loved ones and make official arrangements from anywhere even dapple on the move (Kavoori Arceneaux 85).The device has also brought revolution in the telecommunication sector. Statistical info in America, for example, reveals that over 74 percent of its citizens have used the hand-held technology to respond to emergencies. They widely use it to alert the police, call a doctor, opus a car-crash or stopk other forms of emergency responses. In addition, magical spell parents could not initially keep in touch with their children enchantment away from home, they can now check on them from wherever they are.Apart from calls and text messages, modern cell phones also facilitate data sharing. They can be used to transmit convenient and reliable information, but can also be used to store a great deal of data. With the large cell phone memory, people do not need to spend the whole day in book-keeping or having to deal with the computer drawbacks. Everything is right there in the pocket. Just a swipe and the information go forth be there.The cell phone technology has also enhanced the quality of life. It is no longer a luxury like many other technologies it has become part of life. It is strongly woven into the social structures of the society. People need them for the quality life. Of course this is not to say people cannot do without them. They can if they so decide.Overall, the positive sides of cell phones are wide and far reaching. The e-mail messages, text messages, phone calls, cell-phone internet, data-sharing cards, music, phonebook, cameras etc., are brought together by the cell phone technology. Besides, the devices have also entirely transformed the telecommunication industry and brought t he world more closer to the people. People are talking about cell phone banking services, shopping, paying of bills and fees, security devices and easy transfer of money, all because of the technology. The convenience, reliability and functionality perhaps explain the reasons behind the booming cell phone market (Rainer Cegielski 236-266).Drawbacks of Cell phonesIn as much as the cell phones have united the world, enhanced quality life and made life simpler, the devises have also had their dark sides. closely people have become too dependent on them. Cell phones are the first things they see when they wake up, and last things they touch before they sleep. People run for them in the market, but do not really pay attention to their side effects on ones social life or health (Makker et al. 148-157). In America, for instance, it is really hard sit together as a committee or family to deliberate on important issues for even an hour without having one or two people excusing themselves f or other important calls. It is not true that those calls are urgent it is all about obsession with the devises.Even scarier, nobody thinks about the impacts of the electromagnetic microwaves from the small devises. Well, according to the medical reports, they hinder ones ability to communicate, analyze or concentrate on complex activities. People who use cell phones while driving, for instance, have caused several accidents (Farmer 466-470). It is also true that people who rely too much on cell phones cannot solve problems that need prompt solutions. Everything for them is about swiping, and when they cannot then they cant do anything (Schlehofer et al. 1107-1112).Studies also show that children whose mothers were addicted to the small device during pregnancy have high chances (over 70 percent) of developing behavioral predicaments. The ADD and minimal brain damage are typical behavior problems of such children. They also have problems socializing with their peers and extremely di splay emotional weaknesses. Further, the National Cancer Institute of America has revealed that there is a connection between brain cancer and mobile phone radiations (Sue 62-70).There is also a possibility that these devices, which were essentially made to enhance the quality of life and unite the world, could consequently destroy the very things they were supposed to construct. People are getting so obsessed with reaching out to those who are far away forgetting that there are people right in front of them that they can talk to. Even problems that can easily be resolved from in spite of appearance are simply taken far because one finds it rather easy to pick a phone and seek help elsewhere. It is also a major tint that children are increasingly withdrawing from their families because they have to main their cyber friendships (Sanchez-Martinez Otero 131-137).Cell phones have also been used to break relationships. If you are upset with your lover you just text and tell the person its over. many a(prenominal) people have also been caught up in cheating just by a simple phone call. Many marriages are also breaking up because spouses are too busy with the outside world than with their families. The devices have made people not to appreciate those they confront with. Ass a result of the mobile technology, people no longer communicate with each other in full sentences. No longer, for example, is simply text as lol. In effect, the medium has created a huge gap between the younger generation (dotcoms) and the older generation. To say it all, these gadgets have become an integral part of the daily life, but at a great expense (Kavoori Arceneaux 61-84).Are People too Dependent on their Cell Phones?Essentially, the purpose of cell phones is to make life easier and productive. If one wants to connect/contact a group of people, one simply goes to phonebook or opens email, then selects everyone he wants to share the information with, and right away clicks the send bu tton. Within no minute, they are already on the same with the sender. This is the beauty of having a cell phone.It is true that people have become too dependent on cell phones. In as much as they have improved the quality of life, they have also become an plaguey in the modern society. But the problem is not with the cell phones. It is people who have taken the devices too seriously. Others depend on it too much. It is ridiculous to see how some people react, for instance, when they lose their cell phones. Its like they have lost the rest of their lives, or the world has come to an end. Others seriously get pissed off, while others its like they have lost a limb or an equivalent. These are the kind of people that cell phones not only play an integral part in their lives, but also central to their whole being (South 100/93).It is quite easy to identify those who are too dependent on the technology. Generally, this menage of people will display serious mental and physical symptoms. Apart from distress, they will also employ the rhetoric of addiction and dependence when trying to debate their experiences of going without a phone. Others talk about how scared they were when they lost their cell phones. Of course it is normal to be frustrated when one loses a property, let altogether an important device like a cell phone. But it is total madness to literally shed tears, be lonely, call off life, or suffer from the major psychological effects. Nothing would make somebody panic or shiver if it is not an obsession (Sanchez-Martinez Otero 131-137).According to The World Unplugged Project, students who seriously depend on their phones cannot afford to stay away from their phones for more than 24 hours. At the end of day 1 of the research, all the student participants claimed to have developed psychological symptoms, while others literally displayed physical symptoms (Silk et al. 241-257).Another method of identifying those who are too dependent on the hand-held dev ice is to withdraw the phones from them for a while and wait to see how they react. Obviously, they are those who would be imagining phone vibrations in their pockets even though they do not have them. Others would be receiving non-existent text messages when they do not even have the phones. The last group will make several attempts to pick their phones from pocket even when they were taken with their full knowledge. This is how much this category can be addicted to the small device (South 100/93).People have become so acclimatized to mobile phones that when they leave them behind they openly become frustrated. qualifying into an examination elbow room and hear how many phones go on and off when they are not even supposed to be there in the first place (Schlehofer et al. 1107-1112). Walk into an office and you will be rudely shocked into how much people are buried on their cell phones. Visit homes and you will see how people are isolated by the cell phones. It is all about obsess ion with cell phones.ConclusionYes these devices are reliable, yes they are convenient and yes they simplify life. But too much of something is unhealthy. People have become too dependent on them to the extent that they can not do without them. It should indeed, be a great concern to everyone that these devices which were essentially made to enhance the quality of life and unite the world, could consequently destroy the very things they were supposed to construct. They have undone the community life, have destroyed relationships and have created problems that would have otherwise been avoided if they were not in use. In reality, people have seriously become too dependent on their cell phones. People cannot spend a day without them without showing negative physical and psychological symptoms. The reactions when people lose their phones perhaps tell it all. They will display patterns of frustrations, anxiousness, irritability, bitterness, insecurity, depression, restlessness, nervous ness, loneliness, stressfulness, withdrawal and confusion. Others will be pissed off, while others will see no more meaning in their continued existence. But it is not just about the physical and psychological effects, dependency on the phone increases chances of getting brain cancer, behavioral problems and communication disabilities.

Analysis of the Definitions of Abnormality

Analysis of the Definitions of Ab ruleityAbnormality asshole be descri supply in many varied ways but it is just whats not normal. The whole concept of abnormality is difficult to define and it comes in many forms that involve different features.Abnormal psychology is the division of psychology that studies people who atomic number 18 either abnormal or atypical, compargond to members of a given decree. There is also evidence that few psychological disorders atomic number 18 more common than some previously thought.There be different definitions of abnormality and they includeDeviation from social normsWithin e genuinely culture, there are different standards for what is seen as acceptable deportment or soci aloney acceptable norms. Norms are the expected ways to behave in a particular society according to the majority and for those who do not behave in such a way like everyone else is seen to break these norms. There are defined as abnormal. Social norms differ from cultur e to culture and what is seen as normal in one culture may be considered completely abnormal to another culture. This is an typesetters case of cultural relativism. For shell in Southern Europe it is common to stand much closer to strangers, than in the UK. However, there are terminal points with this definition and one is that norms can vary over-time. This means that behaviour that was seen as abnormal in one era is no longer defined as abnormal in another. An example of this is drink driving was once seen as acceptable but now it is seen as socially unacceptable. In contrast crotchet is opposite to this. Up until 1980 homosexuality was considered a psychological disorder by the World Health Organisation (WHO), but today is considered acceptable.Failure to function adequatelyFailure to function adequately (FFA) refers to the type of abnormality that prevents the soul from carrying out the different behaviours that society would expect from them. Examples of this include holdi ng down a job, conducting successful relationships, and getting out of bed each day etc. If the person cannot cope with these demands of everyday life they are considered abnormal. Rosenhan and Seligman suggest there are seven characteristics that help define FFA and they are unpredictably and loss of control, suffering, violates moral/social standards, irrationality, maladaptiveness (danger to self), causes of observer discomfort, and vividness and unconventionality (stands out). The strength of this definition is that is provides a practical checklist for the person to use to check their level of abnormality. However, the limitation of it is that FFA may not be linked to abnormality but to other factors such as their economic situation. Also, there are many people who target part in harmful behaviour or is seen as threatening to one self however we do not class them as abnormal. This includes alcoholism alcohol, adrenaline sports, smoking and skipping classes etc.Statistical inf requencyThis definition of abnormality comes under an individuals thinking, trait or behaviour. If these of the person are rare or statistically unusual, they are classified as abnormal. However, it needs to be clear how rare a behaviour or trait can be before it is classed as abnormal. For example, one person may say that if an individual who has an IQ score below or above the average level of IQ in society, they are seen as abnormal.The strength of this definition is that the statistical approach helps to address what is actually meant by normal in a statistical context. It aids us to base cut off points in terms of diagnosis.The limitations of this definition are that it fails to recognise desirable and undesirable behaviour. For the example of the IQ level being above the normal average, it wouldnt necessarily be seen as abnormal, but would be regarded as highly desirable. Conversely, obesity is seen as statistically normal but is not associated with desirable or healthy. As t his definition implies that the presence of abnormal behaviour in people should be rare of statistically unusual, this is not the case. Any specific abnormal behaviour may well be unusual, but it is not unusual for people to exhibit some form of prolonged abnormal behaviour at some stage in their lives.Deviation from ideal mental healthJahoda (1958) put forward six criteria necessary for ideal mental health and any absences of these characteristics indicted that the individual was abnormal, basically displaying deviation from the ideal mental health. The six criteria by which mental health could be measured areAutonomy and independencePositive shot of the selfAccurate perception of realityEnvironmental masteryPositive friendships and relationshipsCapability for growth and developmentAccording to this given approach, the more of these six criteria are met, the healthier the individual will be.However, the limitations of this definition and theory are that it is very difficult for so meone to meet the whole criteria and achieve all of the ideal characteristics all the time. For example, a person might not be able to have an environment mastery but are happy with their situation. There are very few people who can and this suggests that there are very few people who are psychologically healthy. The absence of this one criteria of ideal mental health does not indicate they are suffering from a mental disorder.

The Power of Sin in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

The Power of Sin in The Scarlet Letter             Sin is the main estimation in the Scarlet Letter.  All of the characters in the book were somehow affected by the main fumble, which was adultery. The three main characters were the most widely affected, and their whole lives were shaped by the way they dealt with the sin.  The sin surrounds, encloses, and strangles them. There was no escaping from its harsh consequences.             Hester Prynnes sin was as an adulteress, and the result of this was that she had to wear the scarlet letter A.  She feels that her sin has interpreted away everything she had, and given her one thing in return her baby.  Although she had dignity and pride when she first stepped out of the prison and when she stood upon the scaffold this A unfamilarized and seperated her from the community, and she stood alone with her nipper as she does for the most part o f her life following this tied(p)t.  From then on, she was to live away from the community with her baby, Pearl, and was shunned by everyone.  The sin she has committed has made her think that final stage would be an easy way out and that she deserves little, for she says, I have thought of death, have wished for it, would have even taped for it, were it fit that such as I should pray for anything.  Throughout the next years, the sin Hester committed changes her personality and identity. Once a beautiful woman, Hester now looks plain and drab.  Once passionate, she is now somber and serious.  She had contained a remarkable quality of womanhood that has now faded away.  Her plain gray clothes symbolize her temperament and disposition.  There are also good effects that the sin has on her.  She becomes more giving and caring,  and is endlessly helping the poor and sick and doing neighbors favors.  Hester feels that she owes it to t he community, and is also forcing herself into a life of service to others.   The sin stays with her throughout her life, and even when she leaves her town, she feels obligated to come back and fullfill her punishment.  The sin made her lifestyle worse, but it changed her

Sigmund Freud :: essays research papers

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one ofthe trailblazers of modern-day psychology. The american historiam williamjohnston sees freud, the father of psychoanalysis, among those personalities"that one made austria a shining example of modernism in a world that had lostorientation."In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he hadno clear understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of thehuman brain. From 1895 in advance he associated intensely with the Vienneseinternist Josef Breuer. Both discovered that hypnosis removed neurotic symptons.The case of patient Anna O. became famous.By applying this method, Freud came to understand the correlationbetween emotional disorders and the ecesis of mental (at that time mainlyhysterical) symptoms. Through hypnosis as a method of "mental catharsis" thepatient recalls and relives repressed traumatic situations and is eventuallyrelieved and hea led. Freud was right off convinced that functional diseases had amental cause. In the following he discovered how mental energies may casuephysical symptoms.After breaking with Breuer Freid found discover that the abnormal emotionalstate of neurotics was almost invariably associated with conflicts involving thesexual impulse. Based on these findings he develoepd his theory on repressionand defense as well as the sexual aspect of neurotic behaviour.Freud was unjustly blamed with "pansexualism". His theories created astorm in meical circles and were often and heavily rejected. However, whatFreud had theoretically taught most of his life was rather a "dialectic of thesexual impulse" than its omnipotence. After breaking with Breuer Freud carriedon his research work alone. Instead of hypnosis he applied the method of "freeassociation" with his patients and in brief recognized the traumtic impact of earlysexual experience during childhood, seducations on the par t of adults, above allthe parents.In 1877, suffering from his own neurotic crisis, Freud discovered in abrave self-analysis that patients fantasies and wishful thinking rather thanreal experiences play an unconscious role in the onset of neuroses. Freudsfindings broke new soil in often misinterpreted areas like infantile sexualityand led to a completely new and expanded understanding of sexuality. Hisepochal achievement was to help surface the existence of the psyche as anindependent system. In "Traumdeutung"/"The interpretation of dreams" publishedin 1900, freud inveiled the dream as a disguised fulfillment of repressed wishes. at bottom the European culture and civilization was a sensational dsclosure ofFreuds (sometimes also personal) fight for self-realization and truth.With his thoughts, Frued not only influenced psychology but also moderntimes macrocosm ofthe world. His principles advanced the technique ofpsychoanalysis, with himself as his first patient.